Pendekatan Maqasid Syariah dalam Penentuan Hukum Pengguguran Kandungan Menurut Konteks Perubatan Kontemporari
The Application of Maqasid Al-Shariah in Determining The Legal Ruling of Abortion within Contemporary Medical Contexts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53840/dzpcde94Keywords:
Maqasid Syariah, fiqh, Pengguguran, etika, undang-undang, perubatanAbstract
Artikel ini membahaskan pendekatan Maqasid Syariah dalam penentuan hukum pengguguran menurut konteks perubatan kontemporari. Perbahasan ini menumpukan kepada prinsip-prinsip Maqasid Syariah yang lima, iaitu penjagaan agama (hifz al-din), nyawa (hifz al-nafs), keturunan (hifz al-nasl), akal (hifz al-aql) dan juga harta (hifz al-mal) dalam membuat penilaian berkaitan dengan pengguguran kandungan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui penganalisisan dokumen serta perbincangan ilmiah berpandukan kitab fiqh, fatwa, Maqasid Syariah, perubatan dan juga undang-undang. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa isu pengguguran kandungan itu mempunyai pelbagai pandangan dalam kalangan para fuqaha yang mewakili setiap mazhab muktabar. Selain itu, hukum pengguguran kandungan turut telah dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti usia kandungan, tahap kesihatan ibu serta darurat yang dialami. Pendekatan Maqasid Syariah berperanan untuk memastikan keseimbangan antara kepentingan ibu dan janin dapat dijaga dengan baik. Dalam konteks perubatan moden, pertimbangan antara etika dan kecanggihan teknologi mempengaruhi ijtihad semasa dalam menentukan hukum. Secara keseluruhannya, pendekatan Maqasid Syariah sangat membantu untuk menyediakan kerangka yang komprehensif dan juga fleksibel dalam menangani isu pengguguran secara holistik serta berpadanan dengan tuntutan syariah dan realiti semasa.
References
Abdelrahman Abdelhamid Mohammed Hassanein (2025), The Complementarity of Ijtihad and the Maqasid Al-Shariah in Islamic Law: An Analytical Study, International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences. 15(5): 847-859.
Ad Dusuqi, Shams al Din Muhammad bin Ahmad (2011), Ḥashiyat al Dusuqi ‘ala al Sharḥ al Kabir, Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm.
Adibah Bahori, Siti Zubaida Ismail (2017), Kehamilan Luar Nikah dari Perspektif Undang-undang Jenayah Syariah di Malaysia dan Pengawalannya melalui Program Pencegahan, Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat - (-): 1–15
Ahmad Raysuni (2013), Madkhal Maqasid al-Syariah, Dar al-Kalimah, Qaherah.
Al-Buhuti, Mansur bin Yunus (1999), Kashshaf al-Qina‘an Matn al-Iqna‘, Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
Al-Dimyati, Abu Bakar Uthman bin Muhammad Shatta. (1997). I‘anat al-Talibin ‘ala Hall Alfaz Fath al-Mu‘in. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Kasani, Ala al-Din Abu Bakr bin Mas‘ud (1986), Bada'i al-Sana'i fi Tartib al-Shara'i , Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiah.
Al-Mardawi, Ala al-Din Abu Hasan Ali bin Sulaiman (1998), Al-Insaf fi Ma‘rifat al-Rajih min al-Khilaf, Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
Al-Marghinani, Burhan al-Din Ali bin Abi Bakar (2018), Al-Hidayah Sharḥ Bidayat al-Mubtadi, Bushra: Dar al-Kutub Arabiah.
Al-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria Yahya bin Syara (2010), Al-Minhaj fī Sharḥ Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjaj, Beirut: Dar Iḥyʾ al-Turath al-ʿArabi.
Al-Qarafi, Shihab al-Din Aḥmad bin Idris (2013), Al-Dhakhirah fī Furū‘ al-Malikiyah, Beirut: Dar Ghurub al-Islami.
Al-Ramli, Syamsuddin Muhammad bin Abil Abbas Ahmad (2021), Nihayat al-Muhtaj ila Sharh al-Minhaj, Beirut: Dar al-Nafaes.
Al-Zarqa, Mustafa Ahmad (2004), al-Madkhal al-Fiqhi al-ʿAm, Dar al-Qalam.
Antonella F. Lavelanet, Stephanie Schlitt, Brooke Ronald Johnson Jr, Bela Ganatra (2018), Global Abortion Policies Database: a descriptive analysis of the legal categories of lawful abortion, BMC International Health and Human Rights. 18(44): 1-10.
Arifin Abdullah, 'Affaf (2024), Analisis Hukum Terhadap Peraturan Perundangan danFatwa Ulama Mufti Bayan Linnas Nomor 68, Jurnal El-Hadhanah: Indonesian Journal of Family Law and Islamic Law, 4(1): 88-104
Attorney General’s Chambers of Malaysia, Penal Code (Act 574), Laws of Malaysia, s. 312, s. 313, s. 314, s. 315, s. 316.
Azizah Mat Rashid, Noor Aziah Mohd Awal, Ahmad ‘Azam Mohd Shariff, Nor ‘Adha Abd Hamid, Tg. Noor Azira Tg. Zainudin (2019), Menangani Masalah Kelahiran Anak Tak Sah Taraf Di Malaysia: Peranan Perundangan Jenayah Syariah Dalam Masyarakat, Akademika - (2): 5–16
Belqis Sultanzai (2025), A comparative study of abortion by medical staff in the laws of Afghanistan and Iran, Scientific-Research Quarterly Journal of Law Knowledge. 3(7): 98-132
Cassia Roth (2023), Abortion access in the Americas: a hemispheric and historical approach, Frontiers in Public Health. 11(-): 1-16
Charles P. Manubulu, Made E. Aldela Paramerta, Christiani, Gusti M. Surya Darma (2023), Septic abortion in incomplete abortion case report and literature review, International Journal of Advances in Medicine. 10(7):569-571
Chee Ying Kuek (2022), The legal implications of prenatal diagnosis in Malaysia, F1000Research. -(10):1–17
Courtney A. Schreiber, Mitchell D. Creinin, Jessica Atrio, Sarita Sonalkar, Sarah J. Ratcliffe, Kurt T. Barnhart (2018), Mifepristone Pretreatment for the Medical Management of Early Pregnancy Loss,The new england journal of medicine. 378(23):2161–2170
Craig P. Griebel, John Halvorsen, Thomas B. Golemon, Anthony A. Day (2005), Management of Spontaneous Abortion, American Family Physician. 72(7):1243–1250
Dara Hallinan (2021), A Normative Framework for the Reconciliation of EU Data Protection Law and Medical Research Ethics: A structured approach to navigate the relationship between EU data protection law and medical research ethics, Medical Law Review. 29(3): 446–467
Devendra Jadav, Daideepya C Bhargava, Vikas Meshram, Raghvendra S Shekhawat, Tanuj Kanchan (2023), Medical termination of pregnancy: A global perspective and Indian scenario, Medico -Legal Journal. 92(1): 1–9
Diogo Alpuim Costa, José Guilherme Nobre, Susana Baptista de Almeida, Marisa Horta Ferreira, Inês Gonçalves, Sofia Braga, Diogo Pais (2020), Cancer During Pregnancy: How to Handle the Bioethical Dilemmas? - A Scoping Review With Paradigmatic Case-Based Analysis, Annals of Oncology. 10(-): 1-11.
Disa Fadil Musyarof, Lu’lu Al Fatina Zahira, Ahmad Nur Rifa’i, Aisya Yafis Iqlima, Zirly Vera Aziri, Anak Agung Gede Agung Difa Agusta Pramana Putra, Sabila Izzatina Azmy Mujahid, Decky Aditya Zulkarnaen (2024), Comprehensive Analysis of Abortion: Risk Factors, and Management in Reproductive Health, Jurnal Biologi Tropis. 24 (1): 76 – 84.
Emily C. Dossett, Sonja L. Castañeda Cudney, Michelle T. Nguyen, Melisa Olgun, Jennifer Wang, Keris Jän Myrick, Laurie Hallmark, Elyn R. Saks (2025), Reproductive psychiatric advance directives: promoting autonomy for perinatal people with serious mental illness diagnoses, Archives of Women's Mental Health. -(28):443–448.
Ending Solehudin, Miftakhul Huda, Hisam Ahyani, Md Yazid Ahmad, Hasanah Abd Khafidz, Encep Taufik Rahman, Moh. Syarif Hidayat (2024), Transformation of Shariah Economic Justice: Ethical and Utility Perspectives in the framework of Maqashid Shariah, Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan. 24(1):101-115.
Erica Millar (2021), Maintaining exceptionality: Interrogating gestational limits for abortion, Social & Legal Studies. 31(3): 439–458
Evgeniy Bikmetov, Arkadiy Lukyanov, Marina Pushkareva, Galiya Garipova, Leisian Itkulova (2024), Environmental behavior and mindset: utilitarianism vs. duty ethics, BIO Web of Conferences. 141(04041): 1-9.
F. Gary Cunningham, Kenneth J. Leveno, Jodi S. Dashe, Barbara L. Hoffman, Catherine Y. Spong, Brian M. Casey (2023), Williams Obstetrics, 26th ed, McGraw-Hill / Medical.
Fatemeh Ghodrati (2020), Controversial Issues of Abortion License According to Religious and Jurisprudential Laws in Iran: A Systematic Review, Current Women's Health Reviews. 16(2): 87-94.
Ferid A. Abubeker, Antonella Lavelanet, Maria I. Rodriguez, Caron Kim (2020), Medical termination for pregnancy in early first trimester (≤ 63 days) using combination of mifepristone and misoprostol or misoprostol alone: a systematic review, BMC Women's Health. 20(142): 1-17.
Florian Recker, Karl Oliver Kagan, Holger Maul (2025), Advancing knowledge and public health: a scientific exploration of abortion safety, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. -(312):643–651.
Frank A. Chervenak, Laurence B. McCullough (2021), Ethically Justified, Practical Guidance for the Professionally Responsible Investigation of Maternal-Fetal Intervention for Fetal or Neonatal Benefit, Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 3(3): 208-212.
Giulia Adele Dinicola (2024), Perinatal Ethics: the Role of Ethics Consultation Around Parental Dilemmas Before and After Birth, Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University.
Grace Hong, Kyrie Eleyson Renee Baden, Rolanda Olds, Elisha R. Injeti, Julia Muzzy, Justin Cole, Dennis MIchael Sullivan (2023), The ethics of intra-amniotic drug administration in perinatal clinical practice, Clinical Ethics. 19(3): 271–276.
Gusti Meidyna Nafiazka, Fathia Rizki Maulana, Mutia Audini (2024), Aborsi dalam Konteks Kekerasan Seksual: Implikasi Hukum Islam dan Perlindungan Korban, VitaMedica : Jurnal Rumpun Kesehatan Umum. 2(4):87-95.
Haji Mohd Na'im bin Hj Mokhtar, Hanifah Haydar Ali Tajuddin (2023), The Islamic Legal System In Malaysia: Challenges and Strategies, IIUM Law Journal. 31(1): 39-68.
Hanifan Nugraha, Muhammad Alamsyah Aziz, Dini Pusianawati (2025), Maternal Mortality in Cardiac Pregnancy: Ethical Conflicts in Patient Autonomy and Clinical Decision-Making, Scientific Periodical of Public Health and Coastal Health. 7(2): 378-390.
Hendri, Nofiardi (2025), Negotiating Between Sharia and Medical Practice, An maqashid Analysis of Khashyat al-Imlāq as a Motive for Misoprostol Use in Indonesian Muslim Households, Maqashid: Jurnal Hukum Islam. 8(2): 62-75.
Howard J. A. Carp (2014), Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Causes, Controversies, and Treatment, 2nd Ed, CRC Press.
Ian Kennedy, Andrew Grubb (2000), Medical Law, Butterworths.
Ibn Abd al-Barr, Yusuf bin Abdullah (1980), al Kafi fī al Fiqh ala Madhhab Ahl al Madinah, Riyaḍ: Maktabat al Riyaḍ al Ḥadithah.
Ibn Asyur, Muhammad al-Thahir bin al-Asyur (2006), Maqashid asy-Syariah al-Islamiyyah, Kaherah: Dar as Salam.
Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, Syihabuddin Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Muhammad (2021), Tuhfat al-Muhtaj fi Sharh al-Minhaj, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiah.
Ibn Kathir, Ismail ibn Umar (2003), Mukhtasar Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Dar al-Ma’rifah, Beirut: Lebanon.
Ibn Qudamah (1968), Al-Mughni, Kaherah: Maktabah al-Qahirah.
Idayu Badilla Idris, Amy Azira Hamis, Ayuzeity Bistari Md Bukhori, David Chan Chee Hoong, Hakimah Yusop, Muhammad Al Amin Shaharuddin, Nazmeen Adline Fawwazah A. Fauzi, Thinakaran Kandayah (2023), Women’s autonomy in healthcare decision making: a systematic review, BMC Women’s Health. 23(643): 1-10.
Jane S. Fonda, Rachael J. Rodgers, William L. Ledger (2023), Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, Cambridge University Press.
Jessica Beaman, Christine Prifti, Eleanor Bimla Schwarz, Mindy Sobota (2020), Medication to manage abortion and miscarriage, Journal of General Internal Medicine. 35(8): 2398–2405.
Jessica Chen (2025), The Clinical Indications for Mifepristone Go Beyond Abortion, JAMA. 334(12):1059–1060.
Joe Strong, Ernestina Coast, Emily Freeman, Ann M. Moore, Alison H. Norris, Onikepe Owolabi, Corinne H. Rocca (2023), Pregnancy recognition trajectories: a needed framework, Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters. 31(1):1–4.
Julia H. Littell, Sarah Young, Therese D. Pigott, M. Antonia Biggs, Trine Munk‐Olsen, Julia R. Steinberg (2024), Abortion and mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis, Campbell Systematic Reviews. 20(2):1–27.
Justin J Chu, Adam J Devall, Leanne E Beeson, Pollyanna Hardy, Versha Cheed, Yongzhong Sun, Tracy E Roberts, C Okeke Ogwulu, Eleanor Williams, Laura L Jones, Jenny H La Fontaine Papadopoulos, Ruth Bender-Atik, Jane Brewin, Kim Hinshaw, Meenakshi Choudhary, Amna Ahmed, Joel Naftalin, Natalie Nunes, Abigail Oliver, Feras Izzat, Kalsang Bhatia, Ismail Hassan, Yadava Jeve, Judith Hamilton, Shilpa Deb, Cecilia Bottomley, Jackie Ross, Linda Watkins, Martyn Underwood, Ying Cheong, Chitra S Kumar, Pratima Gupta, Rachel Small, Stewart Pringle, Frances Hodge, Anupama Shahid, Ioannis D Gallos, Andrew W Horne, Siobhan Quenby, Arri Coomarasamy (2020), Mifepristone and misoprostol versus misoprostol alone for the management of missed miscarriage (MifeMiso): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, The Lancet. 396(10253):770–778.
Katie Watson (2018), Why We Should Stop Using the Term 'Elective Abortion”, AMA Journal of Ethics. 20(12): 1175-1180.
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (2012), Guideline on termination of pregnancy (TOP) for hospitals in the Ministry of Health Malaysia. Bahagian Pembangunan Kesihatan Keluarga.
Kristen E. Park, Kyle R. Latack, Nicole L. Vestal, Sue A. Ingles, Richard J. Paulson, Michael S. Awadalla (2023), Association of HCG Level with Ultrasound Visualization of the Gestational Sac in Early Viable Pregnancies, Reproductive Sciences. - (30): 3623–3628.
Kristina Tocce (2006), Medical and Surgical Management of Early Pregnancy Loss, Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology. 26(22):1-4.
Kwai Hang NG, Brynna Jacobson (2017), How Global is the Common Law? A Comparative Study of Asian Common Law Systems – Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore, Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 12(-): 209–232.
Kyla M. Cary, Kristen N. Jozkowski, Brandon L. Crawford, Ronna C. Turner, Danielle Layton, Chloe Lohrmann, Jacqueline Y. Paiz (2025), U.S. adults’ attitudes toward abortion as a (non)essential procedure during the COVID-19 pandemic, BMC Public Health. 25(2135): 1-16.
L.Bullen, B. H. W. Faas, I.Feenstra, J. M. G.Van Vugt, M. N. Bekker (2017), Clinical utility of non-invasive prenatal testing in pregnancies with ultrasound anomalies. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 49(6):721–728.
Lisanne van Prooyen Schuurman, Harry J. de Koning, Eva Meier, Robert-Jan H. Galjaard, Nicolien T. van Ravesteyn (2024), Clinical and economic impact of genome-wide non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) as a first-tier screening method compared to targeted NIPT and first-trimester combined testing: A modeling study, A modeling study. PLoS Medicine. 22(11): 1-19.
Lucile Abiola, Guillaume Legendre, Aurore Koechlin, Léo Coutellec (2025), Barriers to informed consent in obstetric care during childbirth from practitioner’s perspective: a qualitative study, Bio-Medical Journal. 15(6): 1–12.
Madison Mellquist, Megan Hoedt, Kellie N Fusco, Rachel Alef, Kaitlyn Dittmer, Henry Ash, Wamika Shoukat, Lorenzo Fonteyn, Salome Herzstein, Allie Heineman, Harvey N Mayrovitz (2024), Medical Implications of Restricting Abortions on Women Diagnosed With Fetal Anomalies Following the Overturn of Roe v. Wade: A Scoping Review, Cureus. 16(4): 1-12
Mallal, Bashir Ahmad (2002), Mallal’s penal law, Malaya Law Journal, Kuala Lumpur.
Marium Z. Rizvi (2025), Reproductive Autonomy in Immunological Intervention: Ethical Boundaries in Maternal-Fetal Immune Therapy, Journal of Health Ethics. 21(1): 1-22.
Marton Konya, Agnes Czimbalmos, Lotti Loczi, Tamas Koi, Caner Turan, Rita Nagy, Nandor Acs, Peter Hegyi, Szabolcs Varbiro, Aniko Gal (2024), Genome-Wide, Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing for rare chromosomal abnormalities: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy, PLoS ONE. 19(11): 1-19.
Meirav Braverman, Adi Dayan Schwartz, Yehuda Ben David, Orly Kachta, Noah Zafran (2025), Early Pregnancy Termination with Mifepristone and Misoprostol: Concurrent vs. 48 Hour Interval Administration in a Randomized Controlled Trial, Journal of Clinical Medicine. 14(7616):1–13.
Mhd. Sufi’y, M. Muslih, Ahmad Khotim (2024), Implikasi Maqasid Syariah terhadap Pilihan Reproduksi: Studi tentang Childfree di Era Modern, Buletin of Islamic Law. 1(2):74-82.
Ministry of Health Malaysia (2012), Guideline on termination of pregnancy (TOP) for hospitals in the Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Mohamad Aizat Jamaludin, Siti Nur Harmizah Ramli (2021), Preservation of Life in Tandem with Shariah Compliances Regarding Covid-19 Vaccines, Journal of Halal Industry & Services. 4(1): 1-5.
Mohammed looti (2026), Elective Abortion, Encyclopedia of psychology. -(-):1-7.
Munjireen S. Sifat, Laili K. Boozary, Tina N. Le, Julia McQuoid, Brittany Zaring-Hinkle, Sarah Tonkin, Lizbeth Benson, Bingjing Mao, Motolani Ogunsanya, Ruosi Shao, Amy M. Cohn, Allyson Shortle, Darla E. Kendzor (2025), Mental health and beliefs about abortion access following changes to reproductive healthcare laws in 2022: findings from Oklahoma, BMC Public Health. 25(4384):1–15.
Namita N. Arboleda (2024), Mental health implications of abortion and abortion restriction. American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal. 20(1): 11–15.
Nandini Agarwa, Salma M. Abdalla, Gregory H. Cohen (2022), Marital rape and its impact on the mental health of women in India: A systematic review, PLOS Global Public Health. 2(6): 1-19.
Natja Mellerup, Bjarke L. Sørensen, Gideon K. Kuriigamba, Martin Rudnicki (2015), Management of abortion complications at a rural hospital in Uganda: a quality assessment by a partially completed criterion-based audit, BMC Women's Health. 15(76):1–18.
Nazimah, Noor Sham, Khairun Niza, Mohd Ikhsan, Nadzratulaiman, Juliana (2010), Evaluating The Deciding Factors For Termination Of Pregnancy With Fetal Anomaly – Experience From Two Centers In Malaysia, IIUM Engineering Journal. 4(2): 41-46
Nurul Farhana (2022), Aborsi Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hukum Islam, Presumption of Law. 4(2):178-193.
Parliament of the United Kingdom, Abortion Act 1967, s. 1(1), s. 1(2).
Parliament of the United Kingdom, Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929, s. 1(1).
Po-En Tseng, Ya-Huei Wang (2021), Deontological or Utilitarian? An Eternal Ethical Dilemma in Outbreak, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article. 18(16): 1-13.
R. Dzihni Jawahir Labib, Nurul Afifah, Syahrul Anwar (2025), Hifz al-Irdh (Protection of Dignity) As The Basis For Offenses in Domestic Conflict, Senarai: Journal of Islamic Heritage and Civilization. 2(2): 183-209.
Rahmat Ramadhan. Mz (2024), Faktor-faktor Abortus Provocatus dalam Perspektif Maqasid Syariah, As-Syar’i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga. 6(1):535 - 542.
Ramadhita, Tutik Hamidah, Abbas Arfan, Badruzzaman (2023), Decriminalization Against Women Who Perform Illegal Abortions From the Islamic Law Perspective, Al-Qadha: Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Perundang-Undangan, 10(2):217-230.
Rana Limbo, Kathie Kobler, Elizabeth Levang (2010), Respectful Disposition in Early Pregnancy Loss, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 35(5):272–277.
Rokhshana Khatun, Osman Gani, Lipika Ghosh, Mamata Manjari (2020), Types of Abortion and Its Consequences in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute. 10 (1&2): 66-73.
Saad bin Ahmad (1998), Maqasid al-Syariah al-Islamiyyah, Riyadh:Dar al-Hijrah.
Sahih Muslim, al-Qasamah wa al-Muḥaribin, Bab Taḥrim al-Dimaʾ wa al-Amwal wa al-Aʿraḍ, 1679 (3/1307), Dar Ṭayyibah.
Sally Sheldon (2016), The Decriminalisation of Abortion: An Argument for Modernisation, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 36(2): 334–365.
Sally Sheldon (2024), Beyond the Tram Lines: Disability Discrimination, Reproductive Rights and Anachronistic Abortion Law, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 44(1): 104–132.
Sally Sheldon, Gayle Davis, Jane O'Neill, Clare Parker (2019), The Abortion Act (1967): a biography, Legal Studies. -(39): 18–35.
Salma Akter Munmun, Rowson Ara, Sabiha Islam, Farah Noor, Reefaat Rahman, Sayada Fatema Khatun, A.M. Shahinoor (2025), Threatened abortion and its consequences on maternal and fetal health, Biomedical Information. 21(12): 4499-4503
Samantha Halliday, Elizabeth Chloe Romanis, Lien de Proost, Lien de Proost (2023), The (mis)use of fetal viability as the determinant of non-criminal abortion in the Netherlands and England and Wales, Medical Law Review. -(31):538–563.
Sanuri (2021), Morality Issues In The Islamic Criminal Law and The Indonesian Criminal Code Draft Under the Perspective of Maqasid Al-Shari’ah, Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam. 11(1): 76-100.
Sarkhashi Shamsuddin (2007), Al-Mabsut, Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah.
Satrio Wibowo, Muhammad Kurniawan Budi Wibowo , Mukhlis Fathurrohman (2025), Konsep keluarga sakinah menurut Syaikh al-Albani melalui pendekatan Maqashid al-Syari’ah, AL HUKMU: Journal of Islamic Law and Economics. 4(2):117-126.
Sharon Mathew, Maria S. Ticsa, Soniya Qadir, Aida Rezene, Deepesh Khanna (2023), Multiple Clinical Indications of Mifepristone: A Systematic Review, Cureus. 15(11): 1-10.
Shaun D. Pattinson (2025), Medical Law and Ethics, 7th, Sweet & Maxwell Ltd, United Kingdom.
Shukri Shahizam (2020), The Use of English Caselaw in the Malaysian Law of Judicial Review, Public Law Thesis, Master of Laws, University of Cambridge.
Singapore Statutes Online. (2026). Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974 (Chapter 324), Section 3(1). Attorney-General’s Chambers, Republic of Singapore.
Soe-Na Choo, Judith Ong (2022), ‘Roe’lling with the punches: Telehealth contraception and abortion, Journal of The Academy of Medicine. 51 (11): 730–732
Sri Karmila Dol, Lomba Sultan, Ahmad Musyahid, St. Hadijah Wahid (2025), The wisdom and secrets of the prohibition of abortion in Islamic law from the perspective of maqasid sharia, Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam. 7(2):166-183.
Stephanie Dephour (2024), An Exploration of Ethical Considerations in Adolescent Maternal-Fetal Conflict – Balancing of Ethical Principles and Factors Unique to Adolescence Through Applications of Microethics, Commentaries. 101(1): 9-11.
Suzanne Heaney, Mark Tomlinson, Áine Aventin (2022), Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: a systematic review of the healthcare experiences and needs of parents, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 22 (441): 1 – 29.
Theresa Wong, Brenda S.A. Yeoh (2003), Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore, Asian MetaCentre Research Paper Series, Headquarters At Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore.
Triantono, Ani Purwanti, Nur Rochaeti, Aga Natalis (2025), When the Law Fails the Victim: Deconstructing the Criminalization of Abortion for Rape Survivors in Indonesia, Int J Semiot Law. - (38):2445–2469.
Ushma D. Upadhyay, Leah Coplon, Jessica M. Atrio (2023), Society of Family Planning Committee Statement: Abortion nomenclature, Journal of the Society of Family Planning. 126(-): 1-13.
Wahyudi (2025), The Legality of Abortion Without Spousal Consent in Islamic Jurisprudence, PATTIMURA Legal Journal. 4(2):104-124.
Wah-Yun Low, Wen-Ting Tong, Yut-Lin Wong, Ravindran Jegasothy (2014), Access to Safe Legal Abortion in Malaysia, Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 27(1):1–5
Wen Ting Tong, Wah Yun Low, Yut Lin Wong, Sim Poey Choong, Ravindran Jegasothy (2012), Exploring pregnancy termination experiences and needs among Malaysian women: A qualitative study, BMC Public Health. 12(743): 1-12.
William D. Graf, Bruce H. Cohen, Louisa Kalsner, Phillip L. Pearl, Harvey B. Sarnat, Leon G. Epstein (2022), Fetal anomaly diagnosis and termination of pregnancy, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 7(65):900-907.
Xiying Yu, Wenjing Yong, Lei Dai, Weinan Wang, Lingqian Wu (2023), The role of non-invasive prenatal testing and ultrasound in prenatal screening of fetal chromosomal abnormalities in singleton: a retrospective study, Annals of Translational Medicine. 11(2): 1-10.
Yi-Ling Tan, Kuldip Singh, Kok Hian Tan, Arundhati Gosavi, Daniel Koh, Dina Abbas, Beverly Winikoff (2018), Acceptability and feasibility of outpatient medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol up to 70 days gestation in Singapore, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 299(-): 144-147.
Zoe Louise Tongue (2023), Human rights and foetal impairment grounds for abortion: Crowter v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care [2022] EWCA Civ 1559, Medical Law International. 23(3): 297-30
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Pengajian Islam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
